how to read：三步拆句法（第 5 课 · how to read）
这一页只讲一件事：读英文句子不是"看懂每个词"，而是三步——① 画主干动词 ② 看后面排着哪个动词 ③ 找那个"为了塞进第二个动词而加的提示词"。材料是两张：一张财经数字表（读数字、读涨跌），一段《Palm oil》开头（练习拆和重组）。
一、先看一张数字表：读数字 + 读涨跌
| 指数（读熟） | 点位 | 涨跌 | 百分比 |
|---|---|---|---|
| S&P 500（SPX） | 7,505.43 | ▲ 67.80 | 0.91% |
| Dow Jones（INDU） | 52,571.65 | ▲ 363.59 | 0.70% |
| Nasdaq（CCMP） | 25,429.85 | ▲ 307.67 | 1.22% |
| Russell 2000（RTY） | 2,931.37 | ▼ 14.74 | 0.50% |
五个名字连读熟：S&P 500 / Dow Jones / Nasdaq / Russell 2000 index / mid cap transport。
| 说法 | 意思 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
increase by … | 涨了（多少） | increase by 0.91% |
nine tenths of a percent | 0.9%（十分之九个百分点） | 0.91% 的另一种说法 |
tenth of a percent / half of an hour | 0.1% / 半小时 | 分数的口语说法 |
double the figure for S&P | 是 S&P 那个数字的两倍 | 对比两个指数时用 |
in the red | 下跌（见红） | Russell 2000 是红的 |
二、第一句：My name is Yossa —— 系动词和谓语不是一回事
从最普通的一句开始，圈出的是 is / are：
| 说法 | 是什么 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
linking verb 连系动词 | 不表示动作，表示状态、身份；后面跟的东西补充主语 | I am a student. / My name is Yossa. / You are ready. |
predicate 谓语（实义动词） | 表示"做事"的动词 | I walk. / She takes you to the bell. |
口诀：一句话的主干永远是"主语 + 谓语"；谓语有两种——系动词（说状态/身份）和实义动词（说动作）。先分清是哪一种，后面才好挂东西。
My name is Yossa.
↑主语 ↑系动词 ↑身份（补充主语）
You are ready.
↑主语 ↑系动词 ↑状态（补充主语）三、三步读句法（原文）
1. 主干动词 —— 先画出来
2. 第二遍 —— 确定"排在后面的动词"是什么
3. 第三遍 —— 确定"为了加入后面动词、而不造成语法错误"而加的提示词最小的例子：I walk to relax.
I walk to relax.
↑动词1 ↑提示词 ↑动词2四、动词的加法：每加一层，结构不变
| 加法 | 句子 | 加了什么 |
|---|---|---|
| 原句 | I walk to relax. | 动词2 用 to 领进来（目的） |
| + 地点 | I walk in the park to relax. | 介词短语插在中间，动词结构不动 |
| + 同伴 | I walk in the park with Nancy to relax. | 再加一层，主干还是 walk |
另外两种"加法"（出现）：
- 现在进行时：
are take→are taking（You are taking…）——be + doing，表示正在做。 - 现在分词做状语（时间）：
we see Russell 2000 and mid cap transport in the red, closing out the week.（收尾这一周——这个时间节点）
词汇：simulcast 同时地。
五、独立主格：把 be 动词"撇掉"
最重的一条：播报里说 S&P up, Nasdaq up, the dow up（都上升的）——这就是独立主格。
完整写法：S&P is up, Nasdaq is up, the dow is up.
播报写法：S&P up, Nasdaq up, the dow up. ← 撇出 be 动词，节奏更快另一处也是同一招：
David (and) Shayla in the boardroom, and Don are taking you to the closing bell.
↑前半段也是"撇掉 be"的独立主格用途：财经播报、会议里"报状态"最快的方式——几个名词 + 一个状态词，一口气报完。
六、把播报稿一句一句读下来（原句）
| 原句 | 主干动词 | 后面排的动词 / 提示词 |
|---|---|---|
| And… we are two minutes away from the end of the trading day. | are（系动词，状态） | two minutes away from… 是状态，不是动作 |
| David Shayla in the boardroom, and Don are taking you to the closing bell. | are taking（现在进行时） | to the closing bell 是方向 |
| Let's take a look a couple of figures here. | take a look | a couple of figures 是看的对象 |
| we should point out S&P up, Nasdaq up and the dow up. | should point out | 后面直接跟三个"独立主格" |
| we see Russell 2000 and mid cap transport in the red, closing out the week. | see | closing out the week（现在分词作时间状语） |
| closing out pretty much what is a down month, across the board. | closing out | what is a down month（什么是下跌的月份） |
补一个 see 的用法：
see → you + 干嘛
I see you + talking to him.七、what 从句做主语：把"重要的东西"说出来
you have to feed your brain with what's good.
↑what 从句做 with 的宾语（喂给大脑"好的东西"）
what is really important = important 的东西（主语从句）
the important thing = 同上，换个说法原句：
what is really important is how we budget rather than what budget is.
↑主语（what 从句） ↑系动词 ↑表语从句(how) ↑对比(what 从句)句型卡：What is really important is how + 从句, rather than what + 从句.（重要的不是……，而是我们怎么……）
八、四个介词的分工（原文）
| 介词 | 意思 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
across | 遍布 | across the board（全盘）/ across a range of occupation（各行各业） |
over | 一段时间（语义是在说"积累"） | over the period / over the meeting / over sth |
during | 在……一段时间里 | during the meeting |
through | 贯穿 | she had been crying through the night.（孩子哭一整晚） |
we discuss this topic over the meeting. ← 整个会议期间（慢慢谈）
during the meeting we argue over the topic. ← 只说明"会议期间"；
↑这里的 over 是"就…争论"，不是时间注意：同一个 over，在 over the meeting 里是时间，在 argue over sth 里是"关于"——看它后面接的是时间名词还是争论的对象。
九、实战：用三步法读《Palm oil》第一段
Palm oil is an edible oil derived from the fruit of the African oil palm tree, and is currently the most consumed vegetable oil in the world. It's almost certainly in the soap we wash with in the morning, the sandwich we have for lunch, and the biscuits we snack on during the day. Why is palm oil so attractive for manufacturers? Primarily because its unique properties – such as remaining solid at room temperature – make it an ideal ingredient for long-term preservation, allowing many packaged foods on supermarket shelves to have 'best before' dates of months, even years, into the future.
拆解要点：
| 要点 | 怎么说 |
|---|---|
| 核心动词 | is…and is…（两个系动词并列）——先把主干画出来 |
| and is currently the most consumed… | is an edible oil / "most" consumed oil：能吃、多人买 |
which | "而这——解释前面的名词"：unique properties |
such as remaining solid at room temperature | 举例，插在破折号里，动词结构不动 |
make it an ideal ingredient | make + 宾语 + 补语：使得（You make me cry.）→ 理想成分 |
derived from the fruit of the African oil palm tree | 定语：修饰 oil ——回答"到底是什么的 oil"；同类：usable by home appliances / a garden full of flowers / a small box full of old photos of my family |
preservation, allowing many packaged foods… to have 'best before' dates… | allowing = 同时/从而"允许"；allow X to have best before dates；dates of months, even years / into the future 一层层挂上去 |
第二步"重组"——把句子按"主干 + 挂件"重新排：
① Palm oil / derived from the fruit of the African oil palm tree / is an edible oil,
and is the most consumed oil in the world.
（定语提到 oil 后面单独放，主干先读）
② It's in the soap (we wash with) in the morning /
the sandwich (we have for lunch) /
the biscuits (we snack on during the day)
（三个括号里的定语从句，先跳过不读）
③ have, into the future, best before dates, months, even years
（把"挂件"按顺序摆好：have → dates → months, even years → into the future）三步走一遍：① 核心动词画出来（剩下的部分都是挂件）→ ② 重组（介词短语提前 / allowing 提前）→ ③ 第三遍确定每个"挂件"是靠哪个提示词挂上去的（which / such as / derived from / allowing）。
十、本页打卡
- 能说出三步读句法：主干动词 → 后面的动词 → 提示词
- 能分清 linking verb（状态/身份）和 predicate（动作），并用 My name is… / You are ready. 各说一句
- 会用"加法"说三句：I walk to relax. → +地点 → +同伴
- 能解释独立主格：S&P up, Nasdaq up, the dow up（把哪个词撇掉了？）
- 能说出 across / over / during / through 各是什么意思，各配一个例子
- Palm oil 第一段：能指出 derived from… 在修饰哪个词、which 在解释哪个名词