🗺️ 本课知识地图(点任意一处直达)
01这节课练什么
前面几课学的都是零件:动词、介词、三大从句、非谓语。这一课把它们拼起来。
拼起来的规则只有一条:一个句子,有且只有一个谓语动词。
出现第二个动词,只有三条路可走——并列、从句、变形。这节课就是把这三条路走一遍,最后用它们说清一台机器。
| 你会用到 | 它能帮你干什么 |
|---|---|
| 动词讲一个事实 | 知道句子的骨头在哪 |
| 名词性从句的三个位置 | 把一整句塞进主语、宾语、表语里 |
| 形式主语 it | 想法太长的时候,先把位置占住 |
| 提示词是调度 | 同一个事实,换一个词就换一层逻辑 |
02动词讲一个事实
语言存在的意义,是传递事实。事实靠动词成立。
名词是"东西",动词是"发生了什么"。
| 只有名词 | 加上动词 |
|---|---|
| a portable power station / a battery / an inverter / a BMS | The station contains a battery. |
左边是一堆零件,右边是一句话。中间差的只有动词。
所以学英语的顺序应该是:先会动词,再会连接动词,最后才是修饰。
03一个句子一个谓语
谓语动词 = 有时态、跟主语保持一致的动词。
一个句子,只能有一个。
看这句话:
He sings, and she dances.
两个动词 sings 和 dances,为什么不算错?因为中间有个 and——它把句子一切为二,两个句子,各有一个谓语。
第二个谓语不是不能有,是必须有个东西把它跟第一个隔开。
04三条路
第二个动词出现的时候,只有三种处理方式:
| 路 | 做什么 | 第二个动词还是谓语吗 |
|---|---|---|
| A 并列 | 用 and / but / so 连成两句 | 是 |
| B 从句 | 加提示词,把它降级成从句 | 是(从句自己的谓语) |
| C 变化 | 变形:to do / doing / done | 不是 |
A 和 B 要提示词,C 要变形。没有第四种。
05A 路:并列
三个最常用的:and / but / so。
| 连接词 | 关系 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| and | 并且 | I opened the box, and the light came on. |
| but | 但是 | He tried, but it didn't work. |
| so | 所以 | It was late, so we left. |
一条要注意:中文可以"虽然……但是……"一起用,英文不行。
- ✗ Although it's expensive, but it lasts.
- ✓ Although it's expensive, it lasts.
06名词性从句的三个位置
一整句话,可以当名词用。名词能待的地方,它都能待——最常见的是三个位置:
| 位置 | 例 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 主语 | That he lied surprised me. | 他撒谎这件事让我吃惊。 |
| 主语 | What he said interested me. | 他说的话让我感兴趣。 |
| 宾语 | I think that he's right. | 我认为他是对的。 |
| 表语 | The problem is that we're late. | 问题是我们迟到了。 |
怎么记位置:主语在最前面,宾语在动词后面,表语在 be 动词后面。
同一个从句,换个位置,意思就变:
- That he lied surprised me.(这件事让我吃惊)
- I know that he lied.(我知道了这件事)
- The problem is that he lied.(问题就是这件事)
07形式主语 it
主语太长的时候,句子头重脚轻。英语的习惯是先把 it 摆在主语位置,把真主语扔到后面。
| 头重 | 用 it 占位 |
|---|---|
| That he lied is clear. | It is clear that he lied. |
| To reach native speaking level in English is impossible. | It is impossible to reach native speaking level in English. |
| Working with you is so nice. | It is so nice to work with you. |
三个固定说法,背下来就能用:
- It is clear that … 很明显……
- It is impossible that … ……是不可能的
- It is so nice to … ……真好
注意:it 在这里不指任何东西,它只是占位。真正的主语是后面那一整句。
08一整句当主语
同一个意思,可以有四种主语形态。这是这节课最值得练的一张表:
| 形态 | 例 |
|---|---|
| that 从句 | That he lied surprised me. |
| what 从句 | What he said interested me. |
| doing | Designing is my job. |
| to do | To design an interior is my job. |
doing 和 to do 的区别:
- Designing is my job. —— 说这份工作本身(一般、长期)
- To design an interior is my job. —— 说具体要做的一件事
两个都对,但语感不一样。日常说"我干这行的",用 doing 更自然。
09B 路:定语从句
前面那个名词是"谁",从句就锁住它。
| 例 | 从句锁住了谁 |
|---|---|
| a Chinese who was born and raised in China | Chinese |
| a power station that contains a long-life LFP battery | power station |
| the window broken by Jack | window |
最后一行要特别看一眼:broken 不是从句,是过去分词,它自己就能当定语,不需要 who / which。
the window that was broken by Jack = the window broken by Jack
能省就省,句子更利落。
10B 路:状语从句
状语从句给动作加场景——时间、原因、条件、目的。
I brush my teeth while I order a cup of coffee.
while 把两个动作放进同一个时间段里。
主语相同的时候,可以省:
- I brush my teeth while I order a cup of coffee.
- I brush my teeth while ordering a cup of coffee.(更简洁)
省掉 I 之后,order 要变成 ordering——从句省了主语,动词就得变形。
其他常用:
- when it is driven by engineering —— 当它由工程驱动的时候
- because the battery holds up under heat —— 因为电池耐高温
- so that the appliances can run —— 为了让电器能用
11C 路:三种变形
第二个动词不想要提示词,就把它变形——变成不再是谓语的样子。
| 形态 | 名字 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| to do | 不定式 | I turned a corner just not to run into you. |
| doing | 现在分词 / 动名词 | Designing is my job. / ordering a coffee |
| done | 过去分词 | the window broken by Jack |
第一句值得多看一眼:I turned a corner just not to run into you.
"我拐了个弯,就是为了不撞见你。"—— not to do 是"为了不做某事",中文没有这个结构,但英语天天用。
12判断:还是不是谓语
看到动词,先问三句:
| 问 | 是 | 不是 |
|---|---|---|
| 它有时态吗? | sings | to sing |
| 它跟主语一致吗? | he sings | singing |
| 前面有 to、后面有 ing 吗? | —— | to depict / depicting / depicted |
三问过关才是谓语。只要前面有个 to,或者自己带了 ing,它就退出谓语的位置了。
这就是为什么:
- to depict a dragon —— 画一条龙,不是谓语
- the window broken by Jack —— 被 Jack 打破的窗,不是谓语
- he sings —— 是谓语
13提示词是调度的肌肉
动词是肌肉,提示词是决定把力气往哪儿使的那个人。同一个事实,换一个提示词,逻辑关系就变了。
事实是这一个:
The battery feeds into the inverter.
| 加了什么提示词 | 变成什么关系 |
|---|---|
| because the battery feeds into the inverter | 原因——因为在供电 |
| It's designed so that the battery feeds into the inverter | 目的——设计成这样的 |
| We know that the battery feeds into the inverter | 认知——我们知道这件事 |
| which feeds into the inverter | 修饰——说的就是它 |
| to feed into the inverter | 目的——为了供电 |
事实只有一个,说法有五种。选哪个提示词,取决于你想让听的人看见什么。
14用四个词块跑一遍
回到那四个词块:
| a highly integrated portable power station | 整机 |
| a long-life LFP battery | 电池 |
| a high-efficiency pure sine wave inverter | 逆变器 |
| an intelligent BMS | 电池管理 |
用刚才学的连接方式,一句一句接起来:
Delta 3 is a highly integrated portable power station that contains a long-life LFP battery.
(定语从句,锁住 power station)
It is built around a high-efficiency pure sine wave inverter and an intelligent BMS.
(并列,两个组件一起说)
That's what makes it a competitive edge.
(表语从句,what 当主语)
15把整段串起来
最后这一段,是全课的落点。一句话里同时用了三种从句:
Delta 3 is a highly integrated portable power station that contains a long-life LFP battery, a high-efficiency pure sine wave inverter and an intelligent BMS.
That's why it is a platform that lasts when it is driven by engineering, not by a fancy list.
拆开看第二句:
| That's why … | 表语从句——所以呢 |
| a platform that lasts | 定语从句——什么样的平台 |
| when it is driven by engineering | 状语从句——什么时候它才经得住 |
| not by a fancy list | 对照——不是靠一张好看的参数表 |
四种结构,一句话。这就是"融会贯通"这四个字的意思。
而且这句话还带一个可以到处套的骨架:
is driven by A, not by B
换成你的场景:
- This store is driven by execution, not by the plan on paper.
- That decision was driven by data, not by gut feeling.
16自查 · 打勾
- 说得出"谓语 = 有时态、跟主语一致"
- 知道第二个动词只有三条路
- 会用 and / but / so,并且知道 although 和 but 不能同用
- 说得出名词性从句的三个位置(主 / 宾 / 表)
- 同一个从句,放到三个位置各说一句
- 会用 It is clear that / It is impossible to
- 说得出 doing 和 to do 当主语时的语感差别
- 会把 the window that was broken by Jack 压成 the window broken by Jack
- 知道从句省主语时,动词要变成 doing
- 会用 just not to do(为了不做某事)
- 三问就能判断一个动词是不是谓语
- 同一个事实,用五种提示词各说一遍
- 说得出 That's why 后面那句话里用了哪三种从句
- 会用 is driven by A, not by B 造自己的句子