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语法 · connect the dots

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01这节课练什么

前面几课学的都是零件:动词、介词、三大从句、非谓语。这一课把它们拼起来。

拼起来的规则只有一条:一个句子,有且只有一个谓语动词。

出现第二个动词,只有三条路可走——并列、从句、变形。这节课就是把这三条路走一遍,最后用它们说清一台机器。

你会用到它能帮你干什么
动词讲一个事实知道句子的骨头在哪
名词性从句的三个位置把一整句塞进主语、宾语、表语里
形式主语 it想法太长的时候,先把位置占住
提示词是调度同一个事实,换一个词就换一层逻辑
02动词讲一个事实

语言存在的意义,是传递事实。事实靠动词成立。

名词是"东西",动词是"发生了什么"。

只有名词加上动词
a portable power station / a battery / an inverter / a BMSThe station contains a battery.

左边是一堆零件,右边是一句话。中间差的只有动词。

所以学英语的顺序应该是:先会动词,再会连接动词,最后才是修饰。

03一个句子一个谓语

谓语动词 = 有时态、跟主语保持一致的动词。

一个句子,只能有一个。

看这句话:

He sings, and she dances.

两个动词 sings 和 dances,为什么不算错?因为中间有个 and——它把句子一切为二,两个句子,各有一个谓语。

第二个谓语不是不能有,是必须有个东西把它跟第一个隔开。

04三条路

第二个动词出现的时候,只有三种处理方式:

路做什么第二个动词还是谓语吗
A 并列用 and / but / so 连成两句是
B 从句加提示词,把它降级成从句是(从句自己的谓语)
C 变化变形:to do / doing / done不是

A 和 B 要提示词,C 要变形。没有第四种。

05A 路:并列

三个最常用的:and / but / so。

连接词关系例
and并且I opened the box, and the light came on.
but但是He tried, but it didn't work.
so所以It was late, so we left.

一条要注意:中文可以"虽然……但是……"一起用,英文不行。

  • ✗ Although it's expensive, but it lasts.
  • ✓ Although it's expensive, it lasts.
06名词性从句的三个位置

一整句话,可以当名词用。名词能待的地方,它都能待——最常见的是三个位置:

位置例中文
主语That he lied surprised me.他撒谎这件事让我吃惊。
主语What he said interested me.他说的话让我感兴趣。
宾语I think that he's right.我认为他是对的。
表语The problem is that we're late.问题是我们迟到了。

怎么记位置:主语在最前面,宾语在动词后面,表语在 be 动词后面。

同一个从句,换个位置,意思就变:

  • That he lied surprised me.(这件事让我吃惊)
  • I know that he lied.(我知道了这件事)
  • The problem is that he lied.(问题就是这件事)
07形式主语 it

主语太长的时候,句子头重脚轻。英语的习惯是先把 it 摆在主语位置,把真主语扔到后面。

头重用 it 占位
That he lied is clear.It is clear that he lied.
To reach native speaking level in English is impossible.It is impossible to reach native speaking level in English.
Working with you is so nice.It is so nice to work with you.

三个固定说法,背下来就能用:

  • It is clear that … 很明显……
  • It is impossible that … ……是不可能的
  • It is so nice to … ……真好

注意:it 在这里不指任何东西,它只是占位。真正的主语是后面那一整句。

08一整句当主语

同一个意思,可以有四种主语形态。这是这节课最值得练的一张表:

形态例
that 从句That he lied surprised me.
what 从句What he said interested me.
doingDesigning is my job.
to doTo design an interior is my job.

doing 和 to do 的区别:

  • Designing is my job. —— 说这份工作本身(一般、长期)
  • To design an interior is my job. —— 说具体要做的一件事

两个都对,但语感不一样。日常说"我干这行的",用 doing 更自然。

09B 路:定语从句

前面那个名词是"谁",从句就锁住它。

例从句锁住了谁
a Chinese who was born and raised in ChinaChinese
a power station that contains a long-life LFP batterypower station
the window broken by Jackwindow

最后一行要特别看一眼:broken 不是从句,是过去分词,它自己就能当定语,不需要 who / which。

the window that was broken by Jack = the window broken by Jack

能省就省,句子更利落。

10B 路:状语从句

状语从句给动作加场景——时间、原因、条件、目的。

I brush my teeth while I order a cup of coffee.

while 把两个动作放进同一个时间段里。

主语相同的时候,可以省:

  • I brush my teeth while I order a cup of coffee.
  • I brush my teeth while ordering a cup of coffee.(更简洁)

省掉 I 之后,order 要变成 ordering——从句省了主语,动词就得变形。

其他常用:

  • when it is driven by engineering —— 当它由工程驱动的时候
  • because the battery holds up under heat —— 因为电池耐高温
  • so that the appliances can run —— 为了让电器能用
11C 路:三种变形

第二个动词不想要提示词,就把它变形——变成不再是谓语的样子。

形态名字例
to do不定式I turned a corner just not to run into you.
doing现在分词 / 动名词Designing is my job. / ordering a coffee
done过去分词the window broken by Jack

第一句值得多看一眼:I turned a corner just not to run into you.

"我拐了个弯,就是为了不撞见你。"—— not to do 是"为了不做某事",中文没有这个结构,但英语天天用。

12判断:还是不是谓语

看到动词,先问三句:

问是不是
它有时态吗?singsto sing
它跟主语一致吗?he singssinging
前面有 to、后面有 ing 吗?——to depict / depicting / depicted

三问过关才是谓语。只要前面有个 to,或者自己带了 ing,它就退出谓语的位置了。

这就是为什么:

  • to depict a dragon —— 画一条龙,不是谓语
  • the window broken by Jack —— 被 Jack 打破的窗,不是谓语
  • he sings —— 是谓语
13提示词是调度的肌肉

动词是肌肉,提示词是决定把力气往哪儿使的那个人。同一个事实,换一个提示词,逻辑关系就变了。

事实是这一个:

The battery feeds into the inverter.

加了什么提示词变成什么关系
because the battery feeds into the inverter原因——因为在供电
It's designed so that the battery feeds into the inverter目的——设计成这样的
We know that the battery feeds into the inverter认知——我们知道这件事
which feeds into the inverter修饰——说的就是它
to feed into the inverter目的——为了供电

事实只有一个,说法有五种。选哪个提示词,取决于你想让听的人看见什么。

14用四个词块跑一遍

回到那四个词块:

a highly integrated portable power station整机
a long-life LFP battery电池
a high-efficiency pure sine wave inverter逆变器
an intelligent BMS电池管理

用刚才学的连接方式,一句一句接起来:

Delta 3 is a highly integrated portable power station that contains a long-life LFP battery.

(定语从句,锁住 power station)

It is built around a high-efficiency pure sine wave inverter and an intelligent BMS.

(并列,两个组件一起说)

That's what makes it a competitive edge.

(表语从句,what 当主语)

15把整段串起来

最后这一段,是全课的落点。一句话里同时用了三种从句:

Delta 3 is a highly integrated portable power station that contains a long-life LFP battery, a high-efficiency pure sine wave inverter and an intelligent BMS.

That's why it is a platform that lasts when it is driven by engineering, not by a fancy list.

拆开看第二句:

That's why …表语从句——所以呢
a platform that lasts定语从句——什么样的平台
when it is driven by engineering状语从句——什么时候它才经得住
not by a fancy list对照——不是靠一张好看的参数表

四种结构,一句话。这就是"融会贯通"这四个字的意思。

而且这句话还带一个可以到处套的骨架:

is driven by A, not by B

换成你的场景:

  • This store is driven by execution, not by the plan on paper.
  • That decision was driven by data, not by gut feeling.
16自查 · 打勾
  • 说得出"谓语 = 有时态、跟主语一致"
  • 知道第二个动词只有三条路
  • 会用 and / but / so,并且知道 although 和 but 不能同用
  • 说得出名词性从句的三个位置(主 / 宾 / 表)
  • 同一个从句,放到三个位置各说一句
  • 会用 It is clear that / It is impossible to
  • 说得出 doing 和 to do 当主语时的语感差别
  • 会把 the window that was broken by Jack 压成 the window broken by Jack
  • 知道从句省主语时,动词要变成 doing
  • 会用 just not to do(为了不做某事)
  • 三问就能判断一个动词是不是谓语
  • 同一个事实,用五种提示词各说一遍
  • 说得出 That's why 后面那句话里用了哪三种从句
  • 会用 is driven by A, not by B 造自己的句子